2. Sinh quyển và hệ sinh thái

Giới thiệu về hệ sinh thái, các vòng tuần hoàn sinh địa hóa, và đa dạng sinh học.

Dịch vụ hệ sinh thái

Khái niệm về kinh tế sinh thái

The Economic Subsystem Relative to the Global Ecosystem, Apdapted from Goodland et al., 1992. Source: [Mikhail Ryazanov / Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_natural_resource_flows-en.svg) — The Economic Subsystem Relative to the Global Ecosystem, Apdapted from Goodland et al., 1992. Source: Mikhail Ryazanov / Wikimedia Commons

Dịch vụ hệ sinh thái

The links between ecosystem services and human well-being as described by Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Source: [Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal](https://www.grida.no/resources/6075) — The links between ecosystem services and human well-being as described by Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Source: Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal

Ví dụ về các dịch vụ hệ sinh thái

23 of the most key ecosystem services and the different ways they can be categorized. Source: [GRID-Arendal](https://www.grida.no/resources/8141) — 23 of the most key ecosystem services and the different ways they can be categorized. Source: GRID-Arendal

Các chu trình sinh địa hóa

Chu trình Carbon

Global carbon cycle. Source: [ESA / Global carbon project](https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2021/11/Global_carbon_cycle) — Global carbon cycle. Source: ESA / Global carbon project

Chu trình nước

Chu trình nước và sự ảnh hưởng của hoạt động nhân sinh

The water cycle with human interactions. Source: [USGS / Water Science School](https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/water-cycle-png) — The water cycle with human interactions. Source: USGS / Water Science School

Diagram of the global hydrological cycle in the Anthropocene, water fluxes. Source: [WWDR 2020 / waternet.be](https://www.waternet.be/understanding-the-hydrological-cycle) — Diagram of the global hydrological cycle in the Anthropocene, water fluxes. Source: WWDR 2020 / waternet.be

Hãy tự tìm hiểu chu trình Nitơ và chu trình Phosphor

Mất đa dạng sinh học

9 cấp độ về nguy cơ tuyệt chủng

The 9 categories of extinction risk. Source: [IUCN Redlist / Our World in data](https://ourworldindata.org/extinction-risk-definition) — The 9 categories of extinction risk. Source: IUCN Redlist / Our World in data

Có bao nhiêu loài đang bị đe dọa

An overview of proportions of threatened species within each of the more comprehensively assessed groups. Source: [IUCN Redlist](https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/summary-statistics) — An overview of proportions of threatened species within each of the more comprehensively assessed groups. Source: IUCN Redlist

Questions

Given the definition: “Ecosystem services are the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems,” write a 200-word essay explaining four types of ecosystem services, providing specific examples for each type.
Describe the carbon cycle and explain how human activities have altered the natural carbon cycle.
Describe the water cycle and explain how human activities have modified the natural water cycle.
How does loss of biodiversity concern people?
Discuss the importance of soil to society today. Explain how human activities have altered the physical, chemical, or biological properties of native soil.

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